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川航航班掛7700緊急代碼備降演員表全部
2024-09-24 13:28:45
據(jù)悉，該川航班機(jī)的編號為3U8884。機(jī)型是空客A330-200，該飛機(jī)的年齡已有10年之多。該飛機(jī)全長近59米，翼展約60米，載客量約250人，最大航程13400公里。
這架飛機(jī)在降落時，飛行員把駕駛艙應(yīng)答機(jī)設(shè)為7700，這個應(yīng)答機(jī)代號的出現(xiàn)意味著航班遇到了緊急情況，地面航空管制員將會啟動相應(yīng)的應(yīng)急措施。那么，應(yīng)答機(jī)是如何起作用的呢？
客機(jī)的駕駛艙內(nèi)裝有一部應(yīng)答機(jī)，當(dāng)?shù)孛婵展芡ㄟ^二次雷達(dá)給應(yīng)答機(jī)發(fā)送無線電詢問信號時，應(yīng)答機(jī)會自動進(jìn)行回應(yīng)，這樣就能對該飛機(jī)進(jìn)行識辨，讓管制員知道飛機(jī)的機(jī)型、方位、速度、高度等信息。
正常情況下，應(yīng)答機(jī)代號是由空管分配的?？展芡ㄟ^無線電信號告知飛行員應(yīng)答機(jī)的一組四位數(shù)字代碼，從0000到7777總共4096個，飛行員就會按照指示設(shè)置好應(yīng)答機(jī)的代碼。這樣通過二次雷達(dá)，地面塔臺就能接收到飛機(jī)的信息。
但如果航班遇到特殊情況，機(jī)長可以給應(yīng)答機(jī)設(shè)置三個特殊的代碼：7500、7600、7700。7500代表劫機(jī)，7600代表通信中斷，7700代表緊急情況，這三個代碼由國際民航組織（ICAO）制訂，在全球范圍內(nèi)通用。
在這次川航航班中，應(yīng)答機(jī)掛上了7700，意味著出現(xiàn)緊急情況，此時空管雷達(dá)會把這架飛機(jī)標(biāo)識為紅色。但7700并不一定像“Mayday”求救信號那樣緊急，有時是因為機(jī)上的人員突發(fā)疾病，有時是因為飛機(jī)遇到機(jī)械故障。
根據(jù)機(jī)上的乘客回憶，當(dāng)時機(jī)長通過廣播告訴大家飛機(jī)的發(fā)動機(jī)出現(xiàn)故障。該航班的A330-200使用兩發(fā)羅爾斯·羅伊斯遄達(dá)772C（Rolls-Royce Trent 772C）渦輪風(fēng)扇發(fā)動機(jī)。這款發(fā)動機(jī)的最大推力為32噸，在1990年首次運行，后來在空客A330機(jī)型上廣泛裝載。
就目前所知，這架班機(jī)的左側(cè)單發(fā)失效。發(fā)動機(jī)作為飛機(jī)的動力源，一旦出現(xiàn)空中停車，可能很多人覺得這是致命故障，飛機(jī)將面臨失速掉下來。但事實上，情況并非如此。
在設(shè)計之初，民航客機(jī)就要求在單發(fā)停機(jī)下也能保持飛行，單發(fā)的推力也足夠讓飛機(jī)繼續(xù)飛行，并不會讓飛機(jī)失速。但這時大家可能又會有疑問了，由于發(fā)動機(jī)是安裝在兩側(cè)機(jī)翼上，當(dāng)只有一邊發(fā)動機(jī)有推力的時候，飛機(jī)如何還能保持直飛，而不會出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)圈或者翻滾的呢？ 飛機(jī)的發(fā)動機(jī)會給飛機(jī)一個向前的推力，讓空氣不斷向后流過飛機(jī)表面。由于機(jī)翼的特殊形狀，讓機(jī)翼上表面的空氣流速高于下表面，根據(jù)伯努利原理，上表面的壓強(qiáng)要小于下表面，這樣就能讓飛機(jī)產(chǎn)生升力，以此來對抗重力。 如果一邊的發(fā)動機(jī)出現(xiàn)故障，為了抵消水平偏轉(zhuǎn)力矩，飛行員會把飛機(jī)豎直尾翼上的方向舵轉(zhuǎn)向還在正常運行發(fā)動機(jī)的那一側(cè)，飛機(jī)就能繼續(xù)飛行。然后，飛行員就近尋找機(jī)場降落。 客機(jī)的安全性還是非常高的，客機(jī)在正式投入使用之前，會進(jìn)行單發(fā)試飛測試，確保飛機(jī)在單發(fā)的情況下還能正常起降。事實上，飛機(jī)發(fā)動機(jī)的故障率很低。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，每10萬小時的飛行，單發(fā)失效的情況不到兩次。 也就是說，絕大部分人都不大會遇到單發(fā)失效的情況。而且就算萬一遇到了，也能確保安全。飛行員在訓(xùn)練期間，都會進(jìn)行單發(fā)飛行模擬。按照正常程序下來，單發(fā)飛機(jī)其實可以安全降落，這在此前早已有過先例。 據(jù)親歷者回憶，飛機(jī)進(jìn)行過一次復(fù)飛，機(jī)長表示發(fā)動機(jī)故障，但有信心降落。最后，飛機(jī)安全降落，訓(xùn)練有素的機(jī)長很好地處理了這次緊急情況。此次事件讓人想起了4年前的另一個“7700”緊急信號。 2018年，四川航空的3U8633航班曾經(jīng)歷過更加危險的情況，在9800米的空中，飛機(jī)駕駛艙右座擋風(fēng)玻璃脫落，機(jī)長劉傳健憑借過人的技術(shù)和膽識，成功完成迫降，創(chuàng)造了奇跡。
